Similarities Between Young Goodman Brown And Bartleby The...

The Prejudices of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† The story of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne occurs in the 1600’s and takes place in Salem, a town located in the northeastern side of Boston, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony that was established by the Puritan settlers. â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener†, by Herman Melville, is set in New York in 1853 in a law office staffed with peculiar men. Both stories have some prejudice aspects. The definition of prejudice is â€Å"preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience† (â€Å"Prejudice†). In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown the issues of prejudice center around the preconceived ideas of evil and witches. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is allegorical because it is about a man†¦show more content†¦Hawthorne relates his own experience to share the life of Brown, and he also uses internal conflict to explore Young Goodma n Brown’s identity crisis. In the beginning there was a conflict between the husband and wife. There is a slight argument between the husband and wife as Faith worries of danger and does not want Young Goodman Brown to leave her during the night, and this causes the distance between them. It then escalates into a problem between the good and wicked in the world when Young Goodman Brown meets the devil in the forest. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is lodged on the belief of corruption since the descent of man in the Garden of Eden after deviating against God, man has been led on the pathway of sin and wretchedness. This is a major theme as illustrated in the story as an allegory in that man is presented in the image of sin and of a polluted heart. Allegory is used by the presence of a man who ‘resembles himself in all aspects and that he carries a black serpent-shaped staff† (Melville). This is a suggestion of evil in that the darkness of the serpent and the staff are used to explain evil and the powers behind evil. He accepts the staff made specially for him by his â€Å"replica,† which allows him to hover around. In addition, the literature uses imagery in that the name Young Goodman Brown is used to indicate the innocence and naivety. On the other hand, the name Goodman is used to illustrate the

Critical Evaluation Of Critical Analysis Essay - 2976 Words

As described by Crowe and O’Malley (2006) Critical reflection is the central element that is required for critical thinking. This process that combines theory with practice facilitates a reasoning to put into practices, to meet the consumer’s needs of mental health services. Hypothetically critical analysis enables mental health nurses to challenge their own assumptions, values and beliefs, when sharing their own knowledge and understandings when interfaced with the cultural norms of their clinical practice. The aim of this assignment is to critically reflect on a consumer when forming and maintaining a dialogical relationship. Informed consent was negotiated with the consumer, confidentiality issues were discussed. Informal meetings were arranged on the consumer’s terms. A complete case study for a Maori client presenting with a first episode of psychosis will be discussed. A brief psychological assessment will be examined in alignment with the client holistic health history. In addition, a cultural health model Te Whare Tapa Wha will be introduced from an ethical perspective to encourage active participation of the client and their whanau. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments will be assessed appropriately as part of a recovery focused innovation, in providing a ‘seamless’ service for continuity of care. Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (2015) suggests psychosis is a word that describes an abnormal affect to the mind, which is not aShow MoreRelatedA Critical Analysis And Evaluation Of Martens4339 Words   |  18 PagesChapter III Results This chapter provides a critical, analysis and evaluation of Martens, A., Sainudiin, R., Sibley, C. G., Schimel, J., Webber, D. (2014) research on how Terrorist Attacks Escalate in Frequency and Fatalities Preceding Highly Lethal Attacks. The combined information extracted from Martens, A. et al. (2014) article and Muhlhausen, et al. 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CRITIQUE OF CURTIS’ A NOTE TO STUDENT ART DIRECTORS Free Essays

Hal Curtis’ â€Å"A Note to Student Art Directors† is an inspirational, simple to read article about the need for greater creativity in the advertising world.   The author believes that there are formulas that are already in place and known to sell.   The art director’s job is to add more originality to the simple formulas. We will write a custom essay sample on CRITIQUE OF CURTIS’ A NOTE TO STUDENT ART DIRECTORS or any similar topic only for you Order Now    To put it another way, the author advises the budding art director not to forget about the word, ‘art,’ once he or she has managed to land a dream job in an advertising agency used to selling advertisements created with standard formulas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most essential portion of the article driving the point home begins and ends thus: â€Å"Here’s the thing†¦. But not the art part.†[1]   To encourage art directors to remain connected to originality and creativity – central to being an artist – Curtis offers several pointers toward the end of the article.   He mentions â€Å"execution† before this.[2]   According to him, art directors must not only remain focused on fine arts but also able to convey their originality and creativity in the advertisements that they play a role in creating.   These portions of the article persuade the reader to believe in the message of the author.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the author does not provide evidence of lack of creativity in the world of advertising, nearly everybody in the worlds of art and business is aware of the importance of creativity and innovation. A formula that sells does not ask for anything else unless an art director has risen above mediocrity to help in the creation of an advertisement that is entirely unique.   Even though Curtis does not mention this – it is quite possible for the art director’s originality to be rejected at first.   Then again, as the author would advise, it is for the art director to remain loyal to art. Bibliography Curtis, Hal. â€Å"A Note to Student Art Directors.† [1] Hal Curtis, â€Å"A Note to Student Directors.† [2] Ibid. How to cite CRITIQUE OF CURTIS’ A NOTE TO STUDENT ART DIRECTORS, Essays

Foreign Market Strategic Management Journal -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Foreign Market Strategic Management Journal? Answer: Introduction The comparative Pestle Analysis of the two countries New Zealand and Czech Republic are conducted. This is accompanied by a grading system regarding all the six macro-environmental factors in case of both the countries. Refer to the appendix for the solution. Aldi is one of the most famous brands of Global Supermarket Chains, which have more than 10,000 stores in around 18 countries. It has a huge estimated turnover. The policy of the Aldi group has contributed to its success, which complies with the principle that great quality needs to come at affordable prices instead of prices out of the reach of the common people. This is because they are the major consumers of such products. According to the Global Competitiveness Report, the overall ranking of New Zealand is at number 13 while Czech Republic is at number 31. The score of New Zealand is at 5.31 whereas the score of Czech Republic is at 4.72. The chosen market for the expansion of market strategy out of New Zealand and Czech Republic is that of Czech Republic. This is because the country has made remarkable progress in the recent past and made several new changes in the country in order to uplift the political system and the financial condition of the country. According to the comparative pestle analysis of both the countries, it is seen that the political factors are highly stable in New Zealand for the foray of Aldi in the New Zealand Market in comparison to the reasonably stable conditions in Czech Republic. However, the overall score in the country of Czech Republic is more and thus this particular country is feasible for Aldi to expand its business further. The following are the rationale that are responsible for the identification and selection of Czech Republic as the ideal market for Aldi along with the application of a detailed macro-environmental factor analysis (Yksel 2012). The political situation of any country is extremely important for any company to enter into that particular market. There is a politically stable government in Czech Republic. The rules and regulations for the mode of entry are fair and there has not been any case of any riot or any sign of war or any major issue of concern in the country for several years in the past. Aldi has put a major amount of emphasis on the analysis of the macro environment of Czech Republic before making any sort of investment plans and from the political analysis discussed above it shows Czech Republic possess a stable political environment for Aldi to profit from (Yksel 2012). The country has the most stable as well as rich market in the whole of Central Europe. It is extremely well known and popular all over. It has produced a GDP of $214.6 billion in the year 2011. It reached an even higher mark of $279 billion in the year 2017. Czech Republic also has low labour costs in comparison to the other countries of Western Europe. The country has a significant PPP value of $28715 and is ranked at 34 in the entire world. The facts which have been discussed, show that the economic environment of the country is stable for Aldi to thrive in. Czech Republic has a high population demographic of young and working class people. The population falls in the age group of 15-64 years which falls in between the Aldi target market. The people who reside in Czech Republic are highly educated and usually abide by the rules and regulations of the country and for Ali to be successful in opening their franchise in Czech Republic, they need to be patient and follow the rules strictly (Grnig and Khn 2015). There is a significant scientific tradition in the country Czech Republic which is prevalent through several years of academic and specialized research which is responsible for bringing about new innovations and inventions. There are certain technological platforms that Aldi can benefit from. There is also facility for the stable equipments and computers for Aldi. Czech Republic is ranked quite high in the recycling field and in this regard it can be said that the recycling within the country has been increased from 1% to 16% over a decade and is steadily increasing at present and landfill taxes have also been enforced in the country. Aldi has also produced certain guidelines for the suppliers which indicate reusing, recycling and packaging whenever possible. Aldi now recycles 98% of its waste from landfill (Grnig and Khn 2015). In case of the legal factors it can be stated that there is a free trade movement of goods in Czech Republic, these striking legal factors are conducive to the ALDI investment in the Czech Republic (SUPERMARKET 2012). The five forces analysis for the discussion on the industrial environment of Czech Republic and the conditions favourable for Aldi is discussed. The threat of entrants is considered first. The barriers are low for big companies and high for small companies. There are high barriers and low risk factors which include high fixed costs, capital requirement of entry, economies of scale, access to supply and distribution channels and also the factors of retaliation. There are also low barrier and high risk scenarios which include the customer switching cost, regulation and these are to be kept in mind by the company (Rothaermel 2015). ALDI has been operating within the grocery industry and it is a promising area where the increasing population would be bound to impact the demand in the future. It can also be said that when there are businesses or innovations to the market; it also looks towards the increase of the population. It can be stated in this regard that the small scale markets would have certain problems in entering the market as the economies of scale play a huge role in the industry and they require a significant amount of capital and technology for their survival. The retail turnover in different segments also plays a chief function in the attraction of more competitors in the market under consideration. In relation to the bargaining power of buyer it can be said that there is a high risk with respect to the forces. There are certain standardised products, customer switching power and international hubs there are also a distinct group of customers. It is a known fact that more or less every person is a potential customer for the grocery industry and the demand is also considerably high. Due to the fact that the grocery products are low or medium involvement products the buyers would be bargaining for the high quality products and the greater levels of service for a lower cost. In case the needs of the customers are not met they have the chance of switching to another company as there is not much of an involvement of switching cost. Most of the grocery products are undifferentiated or standardized. The buyers can pose a threat in case they can integrate backward in the industry of the seller (Dobbs 2012). The threat of substitutes is also extremely high and this needs to be analysed well by the Company. There are several convenience stores and discount centres and the adaptation and innovation needs to be devised by the market. The large scale supermarkets and shopping malls are the prime threats for the retail stores are the alternative products range in the supermarkets is bound to be much greater. These would not only focus on the national brands but will also offer home brands for much cheaper rates in the form of substitutes. In addition to this it can be stated that the new and more innovative technologies stores and supermarkets will not hesitate to bring forward certain substitutes for the grocery and other household items which have lower costs with much greater performance and quality. The fast food outlets such as Mc Donalds and Subway would be the substitutes for the food items of the grocery industry (Chung 2015). With regard to the bargaining power of suppliers there can be said to be a medium risk. There are few products and lesser amount of dependency on the suppliers up to 40% of fruits and vegetables are locally produced and there is also a certain proximity to the countries which Aldi operates in. The competitive firms focus on the cost reduction and therefore the bargaining power of the suppliers is thought to be low. In addition to this it can be mentioned that there are large organisations in the industry with strategies for improvement of the efficiency and reduction of costs. There is a tendency where the prices are reduced for many national brands for the reduction of their costs (Dobbs 2012). The extent of rivalry among the competitors is also quite high. There are several big international names which include Tesco, Lidl, Penny Market and other hypermarkets are also there which comprise of 43% of the Czech Republic households. There are certain offered discounts which amount to around 25%. Most of the grocery stores are undifferentiated and they are easy to imitate. Due to this there are chances of intensification of rivalry and the purchasing decisions are bound to be based primarily on the prices and very less on the nature of service (Chung 2015). A VRIO framework helps in the understanding of the strengths which can be gained from the resources of as company. It comprises of four parts which include the criteria of being valuable, rare, unique or scarce, inimitable and suitable organisation. The resource of the company should be valuable, otherwise this will not pave the way for newer and better opportunities. The resources need to be rare in order to provide the company with a certain amount of competitive advantage. It should be inimitable by other competitors and immersed in the values of organisation. The resources of ALDI can be categorised as financial, technological, organisational and human resources. The company has a turnover of more than $50 billion and therefore it has the economic capability to enter into the new market. In addition to this it can be stated that the human resources are also the biggest asset for ALDI (Lin et al. 2013). ALDI also possesses immense experience in case of the international business and can utilize their present strategic frameworks to assist them in obtaining a competitive advantage over other existent rivals in Czech Republic (Jurevicius 2013). The technological resources are also used to enhance the technological resources which can be applied by the company in Czech Republic. By the application of the VRIO framework it can be said that several components can be described as follows: The economic resources can help the company to pursue the expansion strategies much more aggressively in order to achieve a definite competitive advantage. The organisation can also take advantage of their human resources and also the technologically advanced supermarkets in the new market. The employees are also technologically savvy and they also help in training the local people who are hired to work on part of the company. This helps in the standardisation of the whole operation. The company needs to focus on the existing technological operations and the resources need to be handled effectively and the rest of the management needs to be handed over to the marketing department (Andjelkovic Pesic, Jankovic Milic and Stankovic 2013). It can be stated in this regard that the company needs to put in place certain advanced processes in their respective outlets which might be difficult for their rivals to copy. Then it can be assured that other organisational resources are utilized as an advantage (Rothaermel 2015). Based on the conducted VRIO Analysis it can be sated that ALDI focuses on the creation of value for the customers by the reduction of cost and enhancement of the quality of its products (Rothaermel 2015). The VRIO and the analysis of the strategic capabilities of ALDI shows that it possesses certain resources and capabilities which act as key necessities and some are the key qualities (Kozlenkova, Samaha and Palmatier 2014). The most crucial qualities are the dominating competencies and these include the low labour cost, high buying power and a uniform price system which ALDI possesses. This has prompted an income of an above average return. It can be said that the key necessities are the basic skills which are required to operate in the market which include the size of a store, the capability of distribution, proper quality of products with low costs and this has led to earnings of average returns (Knott 2015). These factors, point to a sustainable competitive advantage for ALDI in Czech Republic. There are several possible modes of entry into certain foreign markets. The different modes of entry into the foreign market include exporting, licensing, management contracts, contract manufacturing, franchising, joint ventures or strategic alliances and finally that of full acquisition. Out of the different modes of entry into a foreign market, one of the oldest methods of entry is by exporting. By this procedure the goods and services of one country are sold in other countries. There are both methods of direct and indirect exporting. In the method if indirect exporting, there is the least amount of risk involved. The method of direct export needs to be applied once the organisations have gained a certain amount of experience. Contractual agreements are considered at the time when the firms have to approve more responsibility for their entry into the foreign market. Franchising is another possible option in the context of the foreign market entry. In case of franchising, the partic ular organisation can franchise its operations in another suitable company which is done in exchange for a share of profits (Chung 2015). The mode of entry which is most suitable in the case of ALDI in Czech Republic is that of joint venture or strategic alliance. After a proper study of the market in Czech Republic it can be stated that the best mode of entry of Aldi is by means of joint ventures or strategic alliances in the country. In case of joint ventures or strategic alliances, the firms who are internationally expanding must decide which of the markets can be entered into. The factors which affect the choice of entry mode covers factors like transport costs, trade barriers, political risks, economic risks, strategy of the firm and also the costs. The timing of entry must be chosen logically such that the company ultimately benefits from its choice (Laufs and Schwens 2014). The concept of the choice of joint venture can be attractive because the firms benefit from the knowledge of the local partner the cultural language, political systems and the business systems. The costs and the risks of opening a foreign mar ket are shared. These actually satisfy the political considerations for the entry into the market (Chung 2015). However it also needs to be kept in mind that the firms also risk the control of its technology to its partner. The firm also might not have a significantly tight control to realize the experience curve or the location economies. The shared ownership in this case can lead to conflicts and there are also battles for control in case the goals and the objectives differ or change over a period of time. The core competencies of the firm also help in the suitable analysis of whether the entry is suitable in a particular existing market (Laufs and Schwens 2014). For a successful entry into the market of the Czech Republic, at first the existing market needs to be properly analysed. The country is characterised by extensive population dispersion. Over 10 percent of the population is centred in Prague, the only city with more than a million inhabitants, on the other hand, majority of the Czechs live close to other major commercial and industrial hubs. Urban consumers in general have a greater purchasing power than the rural counterparts. Success in the market also requires an in-country presence such as a particular agent or distributor or any representative office. The local distributors usually take responsibility for handling customers, dealing with established wholesalers or retailers and marketing the product directly to major corporations or the government and handling the after sales service (Janda, Michalikov and Skuhrovec 2013). Price is also one of the crucial factors at the time of positioning a product or a particular service for s ale (Ang, Benischke and Doh 2015). Many competitors in the grocery industry follow a similar strategy which is to provide high quality products for low costs. At present, Aldi has one of the positions as a cost leader and continues a battle for its maintenance. At first the entry into a new market is tough but the strategic analysis is crucial for the survival in the market. References: Andjelkovic Pesic, M., Jankovic Milic, V. and Stankovic, J., 2013. APPLICATION OF VRIO FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING HUMAN RESOURCESROLE IN PROVIDING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE.Tourism Management Studies,2. Ang, S.H., Benischke, M.H. and Doh, J.P., 2015. The interactions of institutions on foreign market entry mode.Strategic Management Journal,36(10), pp.1536-1553. Chung, F., 2015. The Supermarket switch is on as Aldi takes top award in customer satisfaction.Business retail July,21, p.2015. Chung, F., 2015. The Supermarket switch is on as Aldi takes top award in customer satisfaction.Business retail July,21, p.2015. Dobbs, M.E., 2012, January. Porter's five forces in practice: Templates for firm and case analysis. InCompetition Forum(Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 22). American Society for Competitiveness. Grnig, R. and Khn, R., 2015.The strategy planning process: Analyses, options, projects. Springer. Janda, K., Michalikova, E. and Skuhrovec, J., 2013. Credit support for export: Robust evidence from the Czech Republic.The World Economy,36(12), pp.1588-1610. Jurevicius, O., 2013. VRIO framework.Strategic Management Insight, Retrieved July,27, p.2014. Knott, P.J., 2015. Does VRIO help managers evaluate a firms resources?.Management Decision,53(8), pp.1806-1822. Kozlenkova, I.V., Samaha, S.A. and Palmatier, R.W., 2014. Resource-based theory in marketing.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,42(1), pp.1-21. Laufs, K. and Schwens, C., 2014. Foreign market entry mode choice of small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic review and future research agenda.International Business Review,23(6), pp.1109-1126. Lin, C., Tsai, H.L., Wu, Y.J. and Kiang, M., 2012. A fuzzy quantitative VRIO-based framework for evaluating organizational activities.Management Decision,50(8), pp.1396-1411. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. SUPERMARKET, A., 2012. Strategic planning. van Rompay, T.J., Deterink, F. and Fenko, A., 2016. Healthy package, healthy product? Effects of packaging design as a function of purchase setting.Food quality and preference,53, pp.84-89. Yksel, ?., 2012. Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis.International Journal of Business and Management,7(24), p.52.

Robert Frosts Analysis On Road Not Taken Essays - Tone, Robert Frost

Robert Frost's Analysis On Road Not Taken One of Frost's commonest subjects is the choice the poet is faced with two roads, two ideas, two possibilities of action. ?The Road Not Taken? deals with the choice between two roads, and with the results of the choice which the poet makes. It raises the evident question of whether it is better to choose a road in which many travel, or to choose the road less traveled and explore it yourself. In ?The Road Not Taken,? the speakers' tone and setting help illustrate the struggle a person goes through in their lives to pick the right road to travel. It is possible to read this poem as a statement of some self-pity on the poet's part, a feeling, perhaps, that he has been cheated and misunderstood because he took an unpopular path. To support this tone, one might point to the last stanza: The speaker will some day, sighing, tell others that he took the unknown road when faced with a choice. The reading, however, misses much of the significance of the second and third stanzas. At the end of the second, the speaker states that there was really not much difference in the two roads; neither had really been worn by traffic, though one had been given more wear than the other. It becomes obvious that the speaker's tone begins to change. It becomes a little more confident, not much, but definitely less confused and scared than he was earlier. The first glimpse of this change in tone is in the eighth verse where he says, ?because is [the second road] was grassy and wanted wear.? It also shows that the speaker may not want to be like everybody else, a follower, but instead, chose a different road and be himself, a leader. This verse also says that the road wanted wear, like he was drawn to the path, not just out of his own desire to be different, but maybe out of some pity. That pity being that the road is traveled less not because it is not appealing, but that people are too afraid to be different. Verse 12 is interesting when the speaker says that, ?In leaves no step had trodden black,? which the reader could interpret meaning that few people who did choose to take the road less traveled did not come across any difficulties or obstacles. He then goes on to say that, ?Oh, I kept the first for another day,? as to say that it took him a long time to make his decision. Actually, it may have been months or even years before the speaker chose a road. He knew that the decision he made would determine the outcome of his life, and that he would have to be devoted to the road he chose. Once he made this decision, he would probably never be able to turn back. In the third stanza, he says that both roads lay in leaves that no one had trampled down. In other words, both roads were in about the same condition; it is what the man does with his choice that makes the difference. The tone of the last stanza, then, is simply matter-of-fact rather than self-pitying. One cannot know, when he makes a choice, what the results of his decision will be. Rather than being sorry that he took the untravelled road, the poet seems to be saying that he would probably do the same thing again. The speakers tone seemed to have changed with confidence. This confidence, shown in verse eighteen, when the speaker repeats the first verse, except he leaves out the word yellow. Purposely leaving out the word yellow is an example of imagery. In the first stanza, yellow meant the color of the trees and foliage, and in the third stanza, they are no longer yellow. Also in the third stanza he says, ?I shall be telling this with a sigh somewhere ages and ages hence.? This isn't stated in a negative way, just as a way to portray the fact that he chose the right road. The sigh was to show that the road had not been easy. The setting in ?The Road Not Taken,? is very important. In the first verse of the first stanza, Frost says, ?Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,? which is seemingly a very important part of the poem. This line is a metaphor in which Frost uses woods to represent life. Using this as

Adjective Phrase Definition and Examples

Adjective Phrase Definition and Examples In English grammar, an adjective phrase is a group of words that functions as an adjective  in a sentence. An adjective headword may be accompanied by modifiers, determiners, and/or qualifiers  (all of which are called dependents). Also known as an  adjectival phrase.   Adjective phrases modify nouns. They may be attributive (appearing before the noun) or predicative (appearing after a linking verb), but not all adjectives can be used in both positions. Examples and Observations The prototypical adjective phrase consists of a single adjective, tall in Sally is tall, or an adjective headword and a qualifier, very tall. Even taller than the woman who coaches her volleyball team is more elaborate, but because it can substitute for the single adjective tall (Sally is even  taller than the woman who coaches her volleyball team), you can recognize it as an adjective phrase.(Thomas P. Klammer et al., Analyzing English Grammar, 5th ed. Pearson, 2007)Humans can be fairly ridiculous animals.(Barbara Kingsolver, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life, 2007)The unicorn blinked and swished its tail and  looked fairly ridiculous  on the folding tabletop.(Steven R. Boyett, Elegy Beach, 2009)  Tina lost her dark brown briefcase.Mr. Sweet was a tall, thinnish man with thick kinky hair going dead white.  He  was dark brown, his eyes were very squinty and sort of bluish, and he chewed Brown Mule tobacco.(Alice Walker, To Hell With Dying, 1967)After Dons ac cident, his behavior grew stranger and stranger. You  want a second opinion? O.K.  says the doctor. Youre ugly, too.  She liked that joke. She thought  it was terribly, terribly funny.(Lorrie Moore, Youre Ugly, Too, 1990) Premodifiers, Postmodifiers, and Discontinuous Modifiers An adjective phrase consists of an adjective which may be preceded and/or followed by other words. The premodifier is always an adverb phrase, but the post-modifiers can be an adverb phrase, a prepositional phrase, or even a clause. It is also possible to have a modifier that is partly in front and partly behind the head, called a discontinuous modifier, abbreviated as disc-mod. (Marjolijn Verspoor and Kim Sauter, English Sentence Analysis: An Introductory Course. John Benjamins, 2000) Noun Phrases and Adjective Phrases There may be very little difference between a noun phrase and an adjective phrase in structures where the adjectives occur before the word it qualifies. Most noun phrases consist of a head noun plus one or more adjectives, or indeed an adjective phrase itself. Consider the examples in a, below. a. [ADJECTIVE PHRASES]It was cold, bleak, biting weather.Hes an extraordinary looking man, and yet I can really name nothing out of the way.In Beijing these days, one of the fastest-growing fortunes the world has ever seen is managed by fewer than two-dozen traders.This was a hearty, healthy, dapper, red-faced gentleman, with a shock of hair prematurely white, and a boisterous and decided manner. In each of these examples, if we include the italicized head nouns, we have noun phrases with embedded adjective phrases; without the head nouns, we have adjective phrases. The focus is always on the head word (HW). (Bernard ODwyer, Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Broadview, 2006) Phrases Within Phrases [C]onsider . . . our example: The young man picked the best bloom from the very delicate orchid. The sequence from the very delicate orchid is a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase consists of a noun phrase and a preposition. One can demonstrate that the sequence from the very delicate orchid is a coherent group of words by moving it as in: From the very delicate orchid the young man picked the best bloom. The word very is an intensifying adverb and it modifies delicate to form an adjective phrase within the noun phrase within the prepositional phrase. This phrase-within-a-phrase structure is shown by bracketing below: [The young man] picked the best bloom [from [the [very delicate] orchid]]. We could add very carefully to this sentence. Since carefully is an adverb and very is an intensifying adverb modifying it, very carefully would be an adverb phrase.(Barry J. Blake, All About Language. Oxford University Press, 2008)

What would be the impact of a world dominated by female political Essay

What would be the impact of a world dominated by female political leaders - Essay Example More importantly, the discipline of the political science, the study of the female leaders in such setting as in political grounds can adequately shade light not solely on gender or even leadership but also on the elites within politics in general. In a general sense, it can easily be understood how power is attained in particular contexts, which could even lead to more generalizable theories within the leadership setting in the world (Kassem, 2013). For instance, when the political experts evaluate and examine the factors that generally affect the male leaders they definitely discover that it is indeed quite difficult to isolate the impacts of the single variables or even in distinguishing a single factor from another one. In a few respects, the feminist analysis clearly enhances the understanding of the political leadership. The feminist perspectives generally paint an alternative view of women as the national leaders although it as well points to the larger lessons from the general study of leadership. In the recent past, the status of the women in the field of politics has captured the advanced imagination of the spectators around the world. From research, a little is known on the women politicians because much of it tends to focus mostly on the women in the legislative and not in the executive offices. A reason for that is directly related to greater success that the female leaders globally have been keen on obtaining the legislative slots as opposed to the executive (Krook, 2010). Nearly, over the last half century the women have significantly made advances in the labor force participation, education, and in the political activism throughout the world. The gender gaps however still are experienced in the low-income nations although they are quite smaller than in the previous decades. In the high and the middle-income countries, many of the gaps have consistently been reversed. Women have been found overtaking men in most areas of

Measuring the effectiveness of creative posters Literature review

Measuring the effectiveness of creative posters - Literature review Example According to Mogel (1993) advertising, ‘criers’ originated in Babylonia during 3000 BC. People would take come on to the street carrying their products and shouting louder about the merchandise. Later in 2200 BC, the development of hieroglyphics in Egypt gave way to paper and ink document used to interpret word and sound concept. Egypt further invented outdoor advertising carving public notices on stelae in 2000 BC (www.nonlineagency.com). If Egyptians were good at promoting Romans knew how to make a convincing sales pitch and early examples of advertising were found in the ruins of Pompeii. Advertising has been around for as long as there have been goods to sell and a medium to talk them up. The field of advertising took a giant step after the invention of printing press and movable type by Johannes Gutenberg, a German in 1447. In 1631, first classified newspaper ads were printed in France’s La Gazette by Renaudot which made him the first French journalist and th e inventor of personal ad (Tungate, 2007). Advertising further developed and flourished with the introduction of first English daily newspaper in 1702 and first newspaper advertising in the United States was carried out by Boston News-Letter in 1704. Advertising agencies began in early 1800 during the period when newspapers flourished (Mogel, 1993). Advertising, today, is a huge business making millions of dollars in profit and is not limited only to paper advertising but has expanded its horizon into radio, visual media and internet. This paper critically reviews various literatures in form of books, journals, articles, etc. on creative posters and to measure its effectiveness. Review of Literature Businesses rely on its marketing plan to promote their products which vary depending on their budget. No matter whatever the size of budget is, advertising is the key player in marketing plan because it makes the consumer aware of the product. Wells, Burnett and Moriarty (2007) mentioned that marketing is the way product is designed, tested, produced, branded, priced, distributed and promoted. Whereas advertising plans and decision making take place in the context of overall marketing strategy that includes statement of marketing objectives (Koekemoer and Bird, 2004). O’Guinn, Allen and Semenik (2008) mentioned that advertising is one of the primary tools available for marketing and is only one of the major areas of marketing responsibility. The marketing concepts suggest determining the customer needs and wants and then to develop, manufacture, market and service goods to fill those needs and wants (Wells, 2007). According to Saxena (2009) and Alozie (2009) advertising plays a significant role in awareness creation and attitude formation but has limited role in marketing strategy. Advertisement is the promotion of a company’s products and services through different mediums to increase the sales of the products and services. Advertising is further cla ssified into print, broadcast, outdoor, covert and public service (Management Study Guide, 2011). Out of home advertising further encompasses many advertising forms including outdoor (billboards and signs), transit (both inside and outside the vehicle), skywriting and variety of other media like public walls and furniture. According to OAAA (qtd. in Belch and Belch, 2003) total

Proper Diet and Lifestyle as Cancer Prevention Strategies Essay - 13

Proper Diet and Lifestyle as Cancer Prevention Strategies - Essay Example The present research has identified that the WHO asserted that around 30% of people dying from cancer do so because of these five behavioral and dietary risks: â€Å"high body mass index, low fruit, and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco use, [and] alcohol use.† These risks are external factors that can be managed, which underline the importance of diet and physical activity to reducing cancer risks. Though results for the past few decades are mixed, an increasing number of studies showed that having the proper diet and lifestyle can prevent, or even cure, a number of chronic diseases, including different types of cancer. â€Å"Proper diet† refers to lower fat and red meat intake and higher vegetable and fruit consumption. Western diet, on the opposite, has been regarded as an unhealthy diet because it is usually high in the animal product, sugar, and fat consumption and low in dietary fiber, due to the prevalence of fast food and processed food consum ption. This Western diet has been correlated with higher cancer risks, including colon and breast cancers. Moreover, by â€Å"lifestyle,† this study pertains to the way that people live, including management of alcohol consumption and smoking practices, as well as physical activity levels, life satisfaction with interpersonal relationships, and sleeping habits. This research intends to know if there is a â€Å"proper† diet and lifestyle that may reduce cancer risks. It proposes that holistic healthy living can prevent cancer risks, especially for those who have high cancer risks due to their family history and genetic profiles. Holistic healthy living refers to a lifestyle that responds to various needs: nutrition, physical activity, sleep, and social relations. Moreover, by cancer, this proposal covers several cancers, although it recognizes that certain diets and lifestyles may be more effective for some kinds of cancers and that physical, genetic, and psychological variables can also impact, not only the successful (i.e. consistent and disciplined) adoption of healthy lifestyles and diets but also the effectiveness of a healthy living approach.

Role of a Software Developer

Role of a Software Developer Some people spend years of time knuckled down to study at the university campus, and hope to be able to find an ideal satisfactory work after graduation. However, when truly enter into society after they found difficult to get a good job, a large gap between the ideal and the reality. If you are seeking employment could not find a good job on the road, good attitude then adjust, modify their expectations, expand their circle of communication, so that you can get more information. We must first understand our strengths; know what is doing better, so we need from the grassroots level, step-by-step learning, progress, let our work be your career! The Merriam-Webster dictionary is defined as a sharp conflict of interests or perspectives of different views or objections. Whenever people work together, conflict is a part of doing business. The conflict is a normal and natural part of any workplace. When it occurs, there is a tendency to reduce the impact on morale and the increase of the rate of absenteeism and reduced productivity. It is estimated that managers spend at least 25% of the time to resolve work conflicts leading to lower office performance. 1. Jobs of the dreams Everyone is worth having a fun, and be able to bring a sense of accomplishment and rewards work; a use of the talent and ability to work a let us look forward to the work, a challenge themselves to reach higher achievement job. If you work now without enthusiasm, it is likely you do not know that they really want, or you have not found the inner courage and motivation to pursue your dreams. Personal Qualities Personal qualities are personal characteristics of an individual. They are what make up ones personality. They help a person get along in a new situation. For example, dependability and patience are qualities that employers would like a good worker to have. Other qualities employers value are: honesty, assertiveness, flexibility, problem solving, friendliness, intelligence, leadership, enthusiasm, and a good sense of humor. Software Engineering My dream job is Software Engineering, Software engineering (SE) is concerned with developing and maintaining software systems that behave reliably and efficiently, are affordable to develop and maintain, and satisfy all the requirements that customers have defined for them. It is important because of the impact of large, expensive software systems and the role of software in safety-critical applications. It integrates significant mathematics, computer science and practices whose origins are in engineering. Focus on usability and maintainability of the code: the software is always better, is a well-designed, user-centered work. Excellent engineers work hard to make the system simple and practical. They believe that the customers all the time do not try to create something puzzling, can only be understood and appreciated by lovers. A discipline engineers that from the first line of code maintainability and evolution. Expression method and variable names allows the code is not self-evid ent. 1.1.1 Qualities Every Software Engineer Should Have Foundation of knowledge: Basic knowledge refers to knowledge of programming language syntax, relies entirely on the theory of memory and understanding of the book. Discipline: Although you may work on your passion, this love does not mean your work and for the next project, you can be sloppy. The attention to detail is important, but the ability to stay organized. So much bad code belongs to the developers, who do not do what they know should be done. Logical thinking ability: Half from the books, half from programming practice. Work experience: Is the accumulation of work experience Certifications: The IEEE (The worlds largest professional association of the advancement of technology), offers two of certifications which is Certified Software Development Professional and which is Certified Software Development Associate, and this type of certified must get from NCEES Professional Engineer Exam start from 2013. Math skills: Take advanced math courses, such as calculus, as well as any computer courses your high school may offer. Curiosity: The best software engineers are curious why these things are done one way or another, but the ability of the objective solution. Many engineers, we know that got him into trouble, things for the children to consider, in addition to see how they work. Put together software is a creative, artistic hobby many software engineers. Need to think outside the box design, this creativity and curiosity. What made you go to your pleasure make some of the work. Attention to detail: If youre angry misspelled database columns, annotated code items are not checked in to the source code control software unit testing, unrealized functions, and so on, then you might try to avoid these problems, you. Faulty installation package, deployment of sloppy or misspelled column name, can reduce overall system. Obsessed with the details, you will become a software star in his own way. Development of high quality: In previous times, the engineers that the test is beneath them. Today, experienced engineers know and understand the value of the test, because their goal is to create a working system. Is the best way to expose the error code and the elimination of the stellar. But a good engineer knows not waste time writing trivial or redundant tests, rather than to focus on the important part of the test each component. 1.1.2) People can help us to acquire the information Customers Services: We can get the information from the Software Engineering Company. Online Searching: We can surf the web and find what we want to search for College Lecture: As we study in college, we can ask the information from the college lecture to get the information. List of questions of asking the people How to become a Software Engineer? What is the personal qualities that to be a Software Engineer? How can I get the course for this subject? How long I can be a Software Engineer? Where can I get this job? How do you think of this job? (Software Engineer) What is my play role on company How long I can be a Software Engineer? 2.0) Conflict The `source of an interpersonal conflict is the underlying reason for the emergence of conflict. Understanding and conceptually organizing the sources of conflict can greatly help improve the chances of resolving the conflict. Understanding human behavior can help reveal the motivations of individuals involved in the conflict. While interest analysis illuminates the motivations of individual conflict participants, the process of identifying the sources of conflict illuminates the features of the relationship among conflict participants that foster conflict. 2.1) Identify the primary source of the conflict. Poor Communicate When the party believes it is missing some important information, according to the management of the library website, conflicts may arise. When employees change, they have not been told, or whether some of the decisions taken, the staff feel should be involved, which can make the conflicts between employees and managers. Different communication styles can lead to misunderstandings between employees or between employee and manager. 2.2) Do you think the other party would agree about the primary source of the conflict? Why or why not? Agree, The lack of a large scale, such as between management and staff, as well as smaller individual employees can communicate in the workplace. If you communicate effectively often leads to conflict, which may damage the organization. Poor communication may be created in a variety of ways in conflict. Rumors and gossip Miscommunication led to the spread of rumors and gossip, this will lead to tensions between the employees. If management failed to resolve the speculation that the company might lay off, for example, rumors may spread to certain employees or departments will be eliminated. Morale may deteriorate speculation continues, employees fear that they will lose their jobs may be disgusted with what they think is a more solid foundation. 2.3) Identify any secondary sources of the conflict Personal relationships Good working environment can be a stressful place, which can worsen, began to develop the personal differences between employees. Workplace conflicts, the main reason of interpersonal relationships, especially counterproductive, because whether it is at home or in the office, which may cause problems. The professional employment mediator website Mediate.com some employees bring pressure from their family life, work, and this may lead to a conflict between the workers and management personnel. Some personal conflicts of the University of Colorado in the United States, when an employee is unable to accept individual differences, which may involve things such as race, color, gender, religion or ethnic background. All work environments are made up of differing personalities. Unless colleagues understand and accept each others approach to work and problem-solving, conflict will occur. No two people are exactly the same. Therefore, the personality conflicts in the workplace are inevitable. An employee may have a reserved personality, while another may be more outgoing and forward-looking. Problems, the two do not understand or do not respect each persons inner essence. For example, employees may feel more outgoing personality is more introverted workers contempt, if not more with him. He might think it is a very small, not only is the personality of the staff. In addition, his practice handling the project may be analytical, and she is intuitive. When the two do not understand and respect each others way, and conflict. 2.4) How did each dimension affect the way the participants approached the conflict? Poor teamwork Companies tend to rely on the team to complete special projects, and even conventional functions into one department. If the team members do not communicate with each other, it may not be very clear what the roles and responsibilities of each member must bear. Some tasks may overlap, while others may be completely ignored, leading to confusion and conflict between team members, and ultimately failed to achieve the target Organization There are many organizations, the source of the conflict. In most workplace hierarchy and the inability to resolve the conflict of interest is quite major. Power difference of heightened tensions in the labor / management supervisor / employees. Style differences between the regulatory authorities may lead to conflict. May work style clashed qualification / young and pay equity conflict. Conflict may arise distribution of the allocation of resources, responsibilities, workload and interests, different levels of risk tolerance, and different views of the accountability system. In addition, the differences in treatment between the potential or actual departments or groups of employees, conflict may arise. Suggested that such a source of conflict for a thorough review of the workplace. Similarly, surveys, interviews and focus groups can help to reveal the root causes of these conflicts. In addition, the root causes of organizational conflict can be predicted based on the best practices of similar organizations. All organizations have encountered this conflict. Can learn a lot of lessons, and similar organizations to study the root causes of this conflict. Different values Workplace by individuals who have their own point of view to see the world. Some employees have a strong belief; they are not willing to compromise. These beliefs can conflict with colleagues, resulting in conflict. For example, if a person is strongly opposed to diversity in the workplace, may be difficult to accept his other workers. In order to avoid conflict with these workers, he must try to accept or initiate more tolerant of those different values. Poor performance When one or more individuals in the work of the unit does not perform potential this is not a solution does not work, conflict is inevitable. External conflict Sources outside the organization can be a reason for conflict between the employees. Company to successfully carryout business, staff must always be with external entities. Must be engaged in third-party vendors to buy goods or services. In addition, the interaction between the client and the client to generate revenue. This transaction is unusual communication failure. If a cool head does not prevail when these things happen, misunderstandings can be upgraded into a major conflict. A business owner must identify and correct these challenges, the financial implications of the deterioration in relations with suppliers and customers can be great. Interpersonal conflict Most people spend more time at work than any other place. Therefore, she no doubt with her à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹colleagues. However, this close relationship may lead to conflict. Language or personality disorders, caused by poor communication between the between groups of employees may lead to malicious. In addition, the office politics, gossip and durable other forms of non-work-related interaction may lead to a serious quarrel. Harassment or discrimination allegations have serious legal consequences, in addition, public enterprise financial risk. Therefore, it is important that a business owner is aware of the conflict between the people as soon as possible, so it can be in a friendly way to solve. 3.0)Conclusion The above definition of a good software developer will not apply a few years ago. If we are not agile, probably any good encoder can be considered to be a good development. But we. Today the IT world needs good agile software developers to analyze problems and look at them from a broader perspective, commercialization, and a desire to work in a team. If not their IT projects agile development methods can cannot handle. In addition, the social conflict, actively seeking alternative response to reward, rather than negotiating their needs, rather than competition and cooperation are often the satisfaction of people who are willing to accommodate the trend. Managers and leaders often return to their aggression, control method, rather than taking a more compassionate to the public or their staff may seem less decisive. In other cases, who raised questions and concerns, even respectful soon be considered a problem customers or staff, they tend to avoid and reduce. In these methods, to resolve the conflict through negotiations held analog and highest respect. Finally, we should remember that the negotiating parties require profound courage: It takes courage to honestly and clearly explain your needs; it takes courage to sit down and listen to your opponent. It takes courage to look at their own role in the dispute with the thinking of other transposition awareness, openness, and respect their point of view, it takes courage. Collaborative approach, conflict management, the requirements of the moment we are engaged in dialogue, a deep and meaningful way, so it can be understood, if we tend to avoid such cases until negotiations conducive to balanced wisdom prompted.

Case Management Essay -- Health Care, Hospitals

Case Management Case management has become the standard method of managing health care delivery systems today. In recent decades, case management has become widespread throughout healthcare areas, professionals, and models in the United States; and it has been extended to a wide range of clients (Park & Huber, 2009). The primary goal of case management is to deliver quality care to patients in the most cost effective approach by managing human and material resources. The focus of this paper is on the concept of case management and how it developed historically, the definition of case management, the components of case management, and how it relates to other nursing care delivery models. History of Case Management The concept of Case management has was first introduced in the 1970’s by insurance companies as a way to monitor and control costly health insurance claims, commonly created by a catastrophic accident or illness (Jacob & Cherry, 2007). Today almost every major health care organization has a case management program managing and directing the use of health care services for their clients. Also, case management by payer organizations is recognized as external case management. Hospitals recognized the need for the case management model in the mid 1980’s to manage the lengths of stay of hospitalized patients and the treatment plans (Jacob & Cherry, 2007). In 1983, the Medicare prospective payment program was implemented which allowed hospitals to be reimbursed a set payment based on the patient’s diagnosis, or Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG), regardless of what treatment was provided or how long the patient was hospitalized (Jacob & Cherry, 2007). To keep the costs below the diagnosis related payment, hospitals ... ...ut supplements nursing care in a health care facility (Jacob & Cherry, 2007). For example, if a hospital’s medical-surgical unit uses a team nursing approach to patient care, a system of case management also might be in place to assist with coordinating the patient’s total care through discharge (Jacob & Cherry, 2007). Moreover, case management is not always necessary with every patient in a health care facility. Typically case management is generally reserved for the seriously ill or injured, chronically ill, and high cost cases (Jacob & Cherry, 2007). In brief, case managers are a unique segment of the healthcare workforce. They share the same goals and standards of practice but are multidisciplinary and have diverse academic educational backgrounds and work environments (Park & Huber, 2009). case management leads to better manage health of individuals. â€Æ'

Differences Between Leadership and Management

Beckhard elaborates about what leadership is like, drawing the line between this and that of management. Leadership has to do with change, enthusiasm and encouragement for the tasks, and influence. These three vital traits, each one linked with a specific function for leaders include:1) The imagination to innovate:   To promote innovation, successful leaders assist in cultivating novel view, the ideas, paradigm, and applications of expertise that makes an organization distinct. 2) The professionalism to perform: Leaders offer personal and organizational capability, assisted by personnel preparation and education, to implement impeccably and dispense worth to ever more difficult and exacting customers. 3) The openness to work in partnership: Leaders create associations and linkages with partners who can enlarge the organization's contact, improve its contributions, or strengthen its systems. Since an organization is composed of people, this leader knows a lot about human nature so h e can appropriately anticipate and adjust to various personalities (Beckhard, R. 1969).Mulhauser, Greg. Management Skills and Leadership Skills. Accessed February 27,2008. Mulhauser argues that there is no delineation line between management and leadership and the skills pertinent to the issue. Anchored on the theoretical perspective of Carl Rogers especially on the latter’s concepts like Acceptance, Authenticity and Empathic Listening, the author explores the development of these characteristics well into the individual manager or leader’s style which springs essentially from the person’s character.The author believes that many of the theories set forth on any of these two issues are defective simply because the fact remains that there is simply no distinction as to when leadership starts and ends and where management plays its role in the picture. The author puts forth practical situations and strategies to apply the theory or concept as posited by Carl Rogers . This is an important resource because few theorists effectively can succinctly communicate what leadership and management concepts are and how they are better applied in specific settings.Sullivan, Eleanor and Phillip J. Decker. 2005. Effective Leadership and Nursing Management in Nursing, with Student Video (4th Edition). Authors Sullivan and Decker, wrote a very effective communication piece in the 2005 book Effective Leadership and Nursing Management in Nursing.   Although there is no argument whether leadership is vastly different from management, it carries with it the idea that the practical application of the skills comes in two important aspects and that they are indispensable as well as distinct and inseparable.The authors identified that organizations are designed in their specific arrangements as they function and these are pertinent in how the people working in their specific areas are handled and led. The book is a great resource when specific situations (i.e., staf fing and recruiting, coaching and disciplining as well as issues as handling conflict and the workplace stress) that are common in the field of nursing and health care especially where the unique challenges are being faced by both administration and management and frontline staff in this particular field.Jaques, E. (2002). Social Power and the CEO: Leadership and Trust in a sustainable free enterprise system. Westport, Connecticut: Quorum Books in McMorland, Judith. 2005. â€Å"Are you big enough for your jobs? Is your job big enough for you? Exploring levels of work organizations. University of Auckland Business Review. Vol. 7, No.2.According to Dr. Jacques, there is actually no difference between these two terminologies (leadership and management) in the prime values that Dr. Elliot Jacques placed on every part of the organization and as he postulated in his stratified systems theory. When he called for the individual responsibility, he meant that whether the person in the spotli ght may be the rank and file individual or he happens to be the plant manager, the type of leadership that is seen is expressive of this core value.Management then implies the adoption of accountability and this summarily implies leadership knowing as mentioned in the preceding pages on influence and exercise of power, when a person exercises accountability, he actually exerts leadership; leading by example and it is fundamentally ethical and transferable. Management and leadership are seen then, as interchangeable essentials, and according to Dr. Jacques, the existence and continuity as well as the perpetuation of a successful team depend much on the kind of leadership exemplified in the theory he posited.Bruffee, Kenneth A. Collaborative Learning: Higher Education, Interdependence,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and the Authority of Knowledge. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993.The author explains in prà ©cis the need for a more efficient, economical and equitab le management of the people in the industry or organization has never been as pronounced as it is today. This need has never been brought about by factors which inevitably affect not only the established structures and ways of doing things within the personnel area but also by the more meaningful and substantial task of managing the organization’s most important asset – the human capital. Among these factors are: stiffer competition in business; rapid changes in technological, competitive and economic environments; the explosion of technical and managerial knowledge; spiraling wage and benefits cost and so many others. These factors have no doubt been responsible for the emergence of the personnel function as a vital area in the implementation of corporate strategy.Demick, J. and Miller, P., Development in the Workplace, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishers, New Jersey, 1993.Demick and Miller places in context first what an organ ization is like and settles how it can affect behavior in general and when that is established, proceeded to explain leadership and management in this context. In organizational behavior which is basic to the management of human resource, it points to the inquiry and application of learning about how people, individuals, and groups perform, operate, and work in organizations. It accomplishes this by means of adopting a system approach. Explicitly, it infers people-organization affairs in terms of the entire person, group totality, complete organization, and total social structure. Its intention is to put up enhance relations by attaining human goals, organizational purposes, and social goals. In such a milieu, the goals to effect change are influenced by several significant factors which are crucial to the overall results. Hence, there are expected leadership behaviors that maintain momentum during the change process.

International Marketing Notes Essay

I. Chapter Summary * Due to the high time and cost investment in entering a new market, companies must be very sure that the market they are entering will be successful. Thus, they either conduct marketing research themselves, or hire secondary companies to research the market and possible outcomes for them. * Decisions of whether or not to conduct marketing research based on: time constraint, availability of data, and value for the company (benefits vs. costs) * In-Depth Marketing Research Process http://microlinks.kdid.org/good-practice-center/value-chain-wiki/backward-market-research-process * Problems researchers face in different countries: availability of research infrastructure, availability and quality of secondary data, comparability of data, language barriers, and culture specifics of consumers * Decisions between big international research agencies and local agencies: international agencies have standardized results across many countries, but local agencies can provide more relevant data * Types of Primary Research: * Quantitative: collection and analysis of quantifiable categories and questions; describes current market situation (i.e. multiple choice questions) * Qualitative: analyzes the background of the issue in more detail; explains motivation by using open-ended questions (i.e. focus groups) * Questionnaires: can be quantitative (ordinal and nominal scales) or qualitative (free answer) * Longitudinal Studies: respondent surveys conducted at various points in time, allowing analysis in changes over time (i.e. consumer scan) II. Key Terms and Concepts * Marketing Research: systematic and objective process of generating information to aid in making marketing decisions; concentrates on general characteristics of target market, specifics of marketing environment, analysis of competitors, and tests of marketing strategy * Stages of a Research Process: Problem definition Research designCollection of informationData processing and analysisPresentation of research report * Primary data: new data that must be collected during the process of marketing research; more costly yet more specific to topic of interest * Secondary data: data collected and published before, most often for other purposes than the current research objective; less costly, easier to obtain; (i.e. census) * Consumer scan: study of consumer purchasing behavior conducted continuously on the same sample of responding households * Retail panel: longitudinal research conducted in retail stores; data about changes in store layout, product placement, prices, and other relevant topics III. Discussion Topics 1. What are some advantages and disadvantages of conducting marketing research? 2. Provide a specific example of problems researchers face when they conduct marketing research outside their own country 3. Compare and classify the following questionnaire questions: * How frequently do you go to the grocery store per week? * Why do you go to Walmart? 4. What are the characteristics of a good interviewer? IV. Industry Examples and Questions 1. Example of bad questionnaire: Sociology Research Methods Questionnaire from Wisconsin University http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~jpiliavi/357/neuman.pdf * What makes these questions â€Å"bad†? * How can they be improved? 2. Case Study; JD (part of JD Sports Fashion PLC) Market Research Methods: * Exit surveys – carried out face-to-face with consumers as they leave the storepurpose of the survey is primarily to understand the reasons for visit, frequency of visit/purchase and reasons for and against purchase * â€Å"Shopping bag† survey – the JD research team monitors what carrier bags customers entering JD stores are carrying. This helps identify what other stores JD customers use and are spending money in; provides competitor insight and an idea of which retailers attract a similar customer profile to JD * On-site fieldwork – JD’s dedicated Site Research team invests significant time researching new locations. This involves defining the extent of a location’s catchment area, reviewing the presence and quality of the competition and assessing the pitch and visibility (i.e. how busy the area is) of a unit http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/jd-sports/using-market -research-to-support-decision-making/what-is-market-research.html 3. Coca Cola Great Britain’s Market Research Process: * Identify opportunityDoes it fit into existing product category? For what target? desk research * Explore solutionNew product? New design? Product extension? qualitative research using focus groups and in-depth interviews * Measure suitability/effectivenessEvaluate the relative appeal of alternative solutions in terms of meeting consumer requirementsQuantitative research through face-to-face, telephone/internet interviews * Test MarketTry out new product ideas in a â€Å"test† marketQuantitative research from participants in a test sample of consumers who physically live with the test product for a period of days; there are three stages: concept research, product attributes, and volume assessment * Track market performanceTracking the product’s success once it has been launched (i.e. by recording sales figures, numbers of people familiar with the product, etc)Quantified continuous rolling study with consumers and/or analysis of Electronic Point of Sale data http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/coca-cola-great-britain/using-market-research-to-develop-a-product-range/market-research.html * Compare and contrast the marketing research methods of JD and Coca Cola * Can any of the methods work for the other company? For example, Electronic Point of Sale for JD Sports Fashion?

What have been the recent challenges to Steinways value creation Essays

What have been the recent challenges to Steinways value creation Essays What have been the recent challenges to Steinways value creation Essay What have been the recent challenges to Steinways value creation Essay Essay Topic: Marketing Recent * Sustaining handcraft skill in piano design The age long competitive advantage for Steinway in its piano design would have to give way to a modern automated system for quick assembly and reduction in lead time. * Threats of close substitutes -such as the electronic keyboard, new design of personal computers etc as a form of entertainment is feared would erode Steinways market share and its perceive value. * Erosion of brand image The decision within the CBS years (1972-1985) to increase production levels and choice of other methods of marketing through competitor sales distribution outlets opens an opportunity for customers to question Steinways piano quality, uniqueness and perceived brand image. This resulted in declining sales and frequent order cancellations. The used pianos also pose an issue of how Steinway would hold well of its value creation at the customer end1. Relatively, Bostons piano introduction also further eroded Steinways piano; a middle-range product an advance from the traditional offerings. * Competition Strong competition stem from Yamaha and other Asian brand of piano2. These new designs were built on highly automated systems and had quick assembly time than Steinways with a two year manufacturing time. * Customer relations services The competitors are better at rendering a highly valued after sales checks and feedback from their customers than Steinway. There is a track record of begrudged customers who have made official complaints about Steinways service level; an example in the case study is famous pianist Andre Watts who turned to a competitor (Yamaha) purely on this basis. * Ownership Change The frequent acquisitions and ownership change is a great challenge and pproduct quality has become a concern. This would possibly give rise to the problem of continuance of corporate mission. Therefore, its necessary for Steinway to retain its leadership position to fully understand and make attempt to maintain the core competences and brand image for customer retention and loyalty3 What have been the recent challenges to Steinways Value Creation? Competition Main competitors are Yamaha the largest piano manufacturer in the world. Most pianos are vertical units 90% with small grand pianos making up the remaining 10%. Their production is based on highly automated systems resulting in quicker assembly than Steinway, where a grand piano takes 2 years to manufacture. To most users, other than classically trained pianists, Yamaha represents comparable quality to Steinway. After-sales service is also an issue the example in the case study is that of the famous pianist Andre Watts, who defected to Yamaha complaining of a lack of attention and support from Steinway. Brand dilution Steinway is the Rolls-Royce of the piano market. Throughout the CBS years (1972 1985), emphasis was placed on increasing levels of production. Critics began to question the quality of the pianos, and this filtered through to the customer. This ultimately led to a drop in sales and cancelled orders (at one point they had 740 boxed pianos left in stores awaiting shipment)! The release of the Boston piano, in 1992, by the Birmingham Brothers (1985-1995) was a major shift in Steinways brand. This piano is a mid-range product, representing a significant break from tradition.4 Perversely, Steinways quality has become a problem for them. Their pianos are so durable that the market for them is near saturation point. Second-hand units, that hold their value well5, are now competing with sales of new units.

Exporting Best Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exporting Best Practices - Essay Example These are reactors capable of operating in order to sustain a managed, self-sustaining fission sequence reaction, and components and equipment specifically designed for use in relation with a nuclear reactor. Computers are another category of dual use commodities. Items included are high performance computers and specifically designed associated equipment, electronic assemblies and parts. These computers may include systolic array computers, optical computers and neural computers, digital computers and analog computers (Bureau of Industry and Security, 2012). The most excellent way of incorporating best exporting practices within the company and in association with freight forwarders would be to adopt and practice the best exporting practices, as outlined by the BIS. The following are the best exporting practices of dual use commodities subject to Export Administration Regulations. These practices will enable the exporter to manage the exports of nuclear reactors and computers. First, the company will pay keen attention to the Red Flags Indicators. The exporter will communicate these red flags throughout the company, to freight forwarders and foreign affiliates (Gustavus, 2012). The information will be communicated when the exporter rejects an order placed by a foreign client on the basis of red flags. The information will also be communicated, when a freight forwarder abruptly declines to offer export services, after obtaining information that the commodities for exports are subject to United States export regulations. The exporter and its foreigner partners will seek to use only those freight forwarders, which administer excellent export administration and acquiescence programs. The company will obtain detailed information in order to know their clients, especially foreign customers. The information will enable the company to evaluate the risk of diversion and involvement in a forbidden transaction. This information will enable the company to

The Childhood Phase of a Person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Childhood Phase of a Person - Essay Example The childhood phase of a person is developed through his activities in a school. The major part of the childhood of a person is spent in the schools. The preliminary and secondary schools are the basic foundations on which the overall values, goals, and personality of a person are developed. However, special care must be taken by the schools as organizations to foster the well-being and safety of the children attending their schools. The transition from one school to another may be a new experience for the children which involves stress and requires adjustment on the part of the children1. A transition phase encompasses the loss of old friendships formed in the schools and finding their place in a new environment. These may add to the worry of the children when joining a new school. The adjustment of the children in the new environments should also be supported by the schools so that the children can deal with the stress and imbalances associated with the transition process. The spor ts activities and social activities in secondary schools can support the children to become adjusted and involved in the new environment easily. Also, the people at home may also be helpful in guiding and supporting the children in adapting to the transition process more easily. Managing the emotional and physical health of children is necessary to ensure that they do not succumb to the stress caused by the transition phase. Schools not only play an influential role in the learning and development of children but they are equally important in developing hygienic concerns and healthy outlooks from the early years of the children. The schools play important roles in shaping up the good habits of the children with respect to hygiene, health, and safety.  

Music Appreciation of Brandenburg Concerto by Johann Sebastian Bach Essay

Music Appreciation of Brandenburg Concerto by Johann Sebastian Bach - Essay Example The prominent musicians in the Baroque period were Claudio Monteverdi, Antonio Vivaldi, Georg Frederic Handel, Arcangelo Corelli etc, of which the most important was Johann Sebastian Bach. The paper at hand is a music appreciation of J S Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto, which was composed by him for the Calvinist chapel of the court that promoted instrumental music. The Baroque period is unique in terms of its various characteristic traits including its mood, melody, rhythm, texture, articulation, dynamics, style, basso continuo, timbre etc. The Brandenburg Concertos is primarily a collection of six movements and here the focus is on movement number one. Thus, this paper tries to use these elements and show how J S Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos is representative of Baroque music. Although the exact date of composition of the Brandenburg Concertos is still a mystery, it is known that Johann Sebastian Bach presented them to the Margrave of Brandenburg in the year 1721. What ma kes this piece Baroque is mainly its composition in that period, however for modern people, it is important to know the exact features that make the concertos an apt example of Baroque music. First of all, the most distinct feature of Baroque music is probably its unity of mood, this means that the mood remains same throughout the composition. Now in case of the Brandenburg Concertos, one can see that this is true, as the first movement of the concertos has a kind of happy mood from beginning till the end. Therefore, a single expression or mood is projected and presented till the second movement, and this predominantly makes the Brandenburg Concertos characteristic of Baroque music. When one analyses the melody of the pieces composed during the Baroque area, they find that the melodic idea basically remains the same throughout the whole piece. There is a continuity that can be felt when one listens to Baroque music, and this is especially so in case of the Brandenburg concertos. The audience will find that the opening melody is followed till the end of that piece. Despite the fact that Baroque music is usually elaborate and complex, there is only a minimal use of the piano’s extreme notes and, furthermore, it is seen that there is no use of the technique of pedalling either. So in overall, the Baroque music gives off a very complicated vibe with a lot of ornamental notes, however, the listener can still recognize the distinct theme the musician is trying to reach out to him or her. In case of the rhythmic aspect of the music composed during the Baroque era, the listener will find that the rhythmic patterns are mostly repeated throughout the piece. Thus, in Brandenburg Concertos’ first movement, the audience can find that the melody has a distinct theme and at the same time the rhythm is often continuous too, that is, the â€Å"lively rhythm† patterns are reiterated in the course of the composition (GCSE Music, n.d., p.9). Therefore, it can be said that Baroque music has a continuous or constant rhythmic drive, where the beat and pulse of the song are clear as well as distinct and, furthermore, the song consists of regular rhythms, which at times are dotted. Focusing on the texture of the Baroque music, it becomes clear that such music mainly consists of polyphonic or contrapuntal texture. The piece of composition under study is reminiscent of baroque music as it is made up of different melodies that are played simultaneously. As opposed to playing one melody at a time, Baroque music is very complex in the sense that it plays polyphonic, which is two or more melodic lines played

Compare and Contrast the Way Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen Approach the Subject of War Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast the Way Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen Approach the Subject of War Essay The title of this poem is very powerful. It tells the reader that this is a very sad poem and that by going to war death is almost certain. Sassoon has done this to give the reader an idea of war, and, as the reader reads the poem their insight into the brutality and the sorrow of war increases. The first paragraph of this poem tells of the slow death of a soldier as the sun rises. Sassoon has skilfully manipulated language and his choice of words in order to create a visual image that is slowly sculptured as the first four lines are read. Dark clouds are smouldering into red while down the craters morning burns the dying soldier shifts his head? To watch the glory that returns† The first half of the second paragraph speaks of the patriotism of soldiers for their countries and how they â€Å"want† to die for their land. This can be observed in the line â€Å"Hankering for wreaths and tombs and hearses†. The final half of the second paragraph tells of how the soldier faces his destiny with courage. Writing has always been a tool for reflecting and commenting on society. During the 20th century many poets reacted to problems in the world with highly emotionally charged poems. The horror of war and the spiritual degradation it inflicts is evident in the work of the World War I poets. Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) and Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967) were both soldiers and poets. Their poems reflect the loss of innocence and the horrible mental and physical toll World War I inflicted on the world. ?Both Sassoon and Owen wrote war poetry to inform people of the realities of war. Sassoons efforts to publicly decry the war were stunted when the military announced he suffered from shell-shock and sent him to a hospital to recover. His poetry became the means of sharing his opinion that the war had become a war of aggression and conquest, (Norton 1832). He wanted to share with the public the true cost of war. His poem They reflects the common assumptions of the people at home about what the soldiers will be like when they come home. He wipes away all the illusions and shows that youll not find/A chap whos served that hasnt found some change (lines 9-10). In the poem, the soldiers dont return better and brighter. Instead, Sassoon shows how they return less whole by describing their injuries.? Sassoon met Owen while both were in the hospital recovering. Both mens greatest achievements as poets dealt with the war. Sassoons poems about the war were, deliberately written to disturb complacency, (Poets 855). He called them trench-sketches and wrote about what he witnessed while fighting with detail and honesty. Many of his war poems are highly satirical. While at home during the war, he was disturbed by the publics opinion of the war. Poems such as Blighters show his anger toward the civilian world:? Id like to see a Tank com down the stalls,? Lurching to rag-time tunes, or Home, sweet Home. ? And thered be no more jokes in Music-halls? To mock the riddled corpses round Bapaume. (5-8)? While Sassoon wrote war poetry to express his anger about the war, Owens main influence on his writing was not just a desire to show what war was actually like, but also an expression of the horrors he saw in many aspects of life. His poetry was heavily influenced by nightmares he experienced since his childhood which were only worsened by his experiences in battle. While in the hospital, Sassoon helped Owen with his writing. At first, Owen used many of the same shock tactics used by Sassoon, but he eventually found his own voice. After helping Owen with final editing process of Anthem for Doomed Youth, Sassoon wrote that he, realized that his verse, with its sumptuous epithets and large-scale imagery, its noble naturalness and the depth of meaning, had impressive affinities with Keats, whom he took as his supreme expemplar. This new sonnet was a revelation . . . It confronted me with classic and imaginative serenity (Poets 750). Owens poems, such as Anthem for Doomed Youth and Apologia pro Poemate Meo were not just inspired by war or dreams, but were also written as replies to other authors, the latter in response to a remark by Robert Graves. Own was not only powerful in his subject matter, but also technically, which is why Sassoon, Graves, and other poets admired his work. His use of para-rhyme added greatly to his poetry because it, produces effects of dissonance, failure, and unfulfilment that subtly reinforces his themes, (749).? Both poets wanted to express their views and feelings about the war. Their experiences in battle, although horrible, inspired them to write better poetry than they did before the war, and in Sassoons case, even after the war. Owen seems to be a more psychologically complex person. His poems are often melancholy and reach people on a deeply emotional level. Sassoons poems also affect people, but they do not leave a lasting impression. Sassoons goal as a war poet is to shock, while Owens goal is to make people experience deep emotion. It is obvious from Sassoons own remarks about Owen that even he felt the extreme emotional and lyrical power of Owens poems. The work of each poet serves as a reminder of the awfulness of war and the effect war has on peoples lives. Dulce Decorum Est The poem Dulce Decorum Est was written by Wilfred Owen. This poem illustrates how poetry can be influenced by the subject of the words rather than the words influencing the topic. The poem uses various literary devices to show that dying for ones country can be a very ugly and horrible thing; putting this idead into a poem, makes poetry a very ugly thing. Wilfred Owens makes use of many devices, but one of the first ones used in the poem is a simile. Bent double, like old beggars under sacks. This allows one to imagine a group of people hunched over, to malnourished and beaten to even stand up straight. Another example is floundring like a man on fire or lime. The man described has been poisoned by gas, but he looks as though he is running around trying to put out a fire on himself. The simimle illustrates the suffering of the man and his hopelessness. The author also utilizes words that have definite negative connotations in order to give the reader a feeling of unease and malady. Words such as sludge, fatigue, guttering, froth-corrupted, vile, and incurable, all have negative connotations. The words taken from the context of the poem still do not, and likely could not have any possible positive images or ideas associated with them. By choosing such words Owen condemns his poem to being sorrowful, sad and ugly. This is likely the authors intent as he sees war, sorrowful, sad, and ugly. Owen uses these literary devices and others to reach a single end. A sensory image of watching a man, in service of his country, die a terrible death. These include, the images of hunched men traveling through mud, hearing gas shells and putting on masks, a man drowning in gas, and the horrible ghastly death of that man. Owen incorporates sound with the blood Come gargling which enhances the horror felt by the reader. Wilfre Owen uses all these techniques to illustrate a simple point, that the phrase Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, or translated to english, sweet and honorable it is, to die for the fatherland, is a lie. His poem tries to make real to the reader how horrible death is even when in the service of ones country. The statement is often made to children in search of adventure, but Owen makes clear that it is indeed a falsehood.

Spot Welding Involves Three Stages

Spot Welding Involves Three Stages Spot welding is a process in which contacting metal surface are joined by the heat obtained from resistance to electric current flow. Work-pieces are held together under pressure exerted by electrode. Typically the sheet are in the 0.5 to 3 mm thickness range. The process uses two shapes copper alloy electrodes to concentrate welding current into a small  ¿Ã‚ ½spot ¿Ã‚ ½ and to simultaneously clamp the sheet together. Forcing a large current through the spot will melt the metal and form the weld. The amount of energy is chosen to match the sheet ¿Ã‚ ½s material properties, it thickness, and type of electrode. Applying too little energy won ¿Ã‚ ½t melt the metal or will make a poor weld. Applying too much energy will melt too much metal and make a hole rather than a weld [1]. Spot welding involves three stages; the first stage which involves the electrodes being brought to the surface of the metal and applying a slight amount of pressure. The current from the electrodes is then applied briefly. After the current is removed, the electrodes remain in place in order for the material to cool. Weld times range from 0.01 sec to 0.63 sec depending on the thickness of the metal, the electrode force and the diameter of the electrodes. The equipment used in the spot welding process consists of tool holders and electrodes. The tool holders function as a mechanism to hold the electrodes firmly in place and also support optional water hoses which cool the electrodes during welding. The electrodes generally are made of a low resistance alloy, usually copper, and are designed in many different shapes and sizes depending on the application needed. Design of experiments (DOE) is a techniques that enable a designers to determine simultaneously a interactive effects of a factors that effected the result in any design. Design of experiments (DOE) helps to pinpoint the sensitive partss and sensitive areas in a designs. The designer are then able to fix these problems and get the optimum parameter of design. Response surface methodology (RSM) explores the relationship between explanatory variables and response variable in statistic. Response surface methodology (RSM) is a sequence of design of experiments (DOE) to obtain an optimal response. It is sufficient to determine which explanatory variables have an impact on the interest of response variables. 1.2 Problem Statement Resistance spot welding (RSW) is the most effective process for joinning both similar and dissimilar metals. Resistance spot welding is commonly used in the automotive industries for body assembly production lines. The major advantages of spot welding is efficient energy used, and high production rates. To improve the strength and good quality of welding the welding parameter is to be investigated. A small change of the parameter will effect all the other parameters. The main parameter for spot welding is welding current, welding time, force, and hold time. Nowadays, the world faces of energy crisis and environmetal problems, energy saving and safety have become the most important issuses for auto making industry. To achieve these goals, weight reduction is the most effective to leads to the fast development and application of advanced high strength steels. In this research, DP600 is an Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) have been chosen to find the optimum parameters for the spot welding to determining the quality of a weld nugget development because the characteria of the material such as light weight, low ratio of yield strength to tensile strength, high work hardening capacity and good energy absorption. The good formability of DP600 allows the users to increase the strength of the components. Therefore, the products can be made stronger and safer under load. Resistance spot welding is a key technology in automotive assembly industries that the process is fast and easily weld many different material combination that are difficult to join by other welding process. The weldability of different materials such as advanced high strength steel DP600 and low carbon steel is to investigated quality of a nugget development due to the formation of hardness, tensile strength. This research is to study the influence of resistance spot welding (RSW) parameters such as welding current, welding time, pressure and speed on the development of nugget formation, focused on weld nugget and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). 1.3 Objective Of Study The main purpose of this study : I. To find the optimum parameter to optimize the size of weld nugget and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) in order to obtain a good quality of Resistance Spot Welding using Factorial Design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). II. To developed a mathematical model to predict the size of weld nugget and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). 1.4 Significance of the Project The development mathematical models can be effectively used to predict the size of weld zone which can improve the welding quality and performance in Response Surface Methodology (RSM). 1.5 Scope of Study The scope of study is to investigate on the resistance spot welding process using Factorial Design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to find the optimum parameters to optimize the size of weld nugget and Heat Affected Zone. The material used is DP600 advanced high strength steel 0.8mm thickness combined with low carbon steel 1.0mm thickness. The machine used is OBARA guns type diameter 6mm. The electrode copper alloys detail as below: Alloy RWMA Class Hard Elec. Cond Desc Use To Weld CMW 3 2 83B 85% CU + CHROMIUM CRS GENERAL WELDING The microscope used is the compound light microscope. It commonly binocular (two eyepieces). The compound light microscope combines the power of lenses and light to enlarge the subject being viewed. The eyepiece allows for 10x or 15x magnification and when combined with three or four objective lenses which can be rotated into the field of view and produce higher magnification to a maximum of around 1000x generally. In the lab of material, microscope is used to watch and catch the picture of size weld nugget and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction of Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) Resistance Spot Welding is a process in which metal surface are joined widely used in the automotive structural application for many years for the fabrication of sheet metal assemblies. The process is used for joining sheet materials and uses shaped copper alloy electrodes to apply pressure and convey the electrical current through the work piece. Heat is developed mainly at the interface between two sheets, eventually causing the material being welded to melt, forming a molten pool, the weld nugget. The molten pool is contained by the pressure applied by the electrode tip and the surrounding solid metal. The resistance spot welding has the advantage which is high speed and suitability for automation. Figure 1 : Resistance Spot Welding Machine with Work [3] The size and shape of the individually formed welds are limited primarily by the size and contour of the electrode faces. The weld nugget forms at the laying surfaces, as shown in Figure 1, but does not extend completely to the outer surfaces. In section, the nugget in a properly formed spot weld is round or oval in shape. Spacing between adjacent spot welds or rows of spot welds must be enough to prevent shunting or to limit it to an acceptable amount. In Resistance Spot Welding (RSW), methodology is development to determine the optimum welding conditions that maximize the strength of joints. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) utilized to develop an effective model to predict weld strength by incorporating parameters such as pressure, weld time and the others [7]. In this case study from journal that conducted as per central composite face centered design for spot welding of 0.2 and 0.3mm thick copper and brass speciments. Response surface model interfaced with the Genetic Algorithm to optimize the welding conditions for desired weld strength. The welding process of copper and brass produced large heat affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ). Figure 2 : Schematic represent [7] Table 1 : Variables for joining of Cu- brass specimens [7] In response surface method the important is design of experiments. Identified the factors which have a significant influence on weld strength. It is weld pressure, weld time, and amplitude of vibration of horn. For 0.2 and 0.3 mm thick copper-brass speciments to determine maximum and minimum value of welding parameters large numbers of trial runs. From the trial runs the most suitable parameters were identified in table 1 above. Response surface model for weld strength is a collecting of mathematical and statistical techniques useful for the modeling and analysis of problems in response of interest is influenced by variables and the objective is to optimize thsi response [7]. Then developed mathematical models to predict the weld strength. For the experiments the equation is Where yi is the the response of weld strength, xi is pressure, weld time and amplitude,  ¿Ã‚ ½0,  ¿Ã‚ ½j,  ¿Ã‚ ½jj and  ¿Ã‚ ½ij represent the constant, linear, quadratic and interaction terms. For the spot welding equations like below : After 20 experiments are conducted at different levels of parameters the value of weld strength obtained from experiments and those predicted from response surface model along the design matrix. Table 2 : Weld strength and RSM [7] Figure 3 : Effect of amplitude and weld time on weld strength [7] Figure 4 : Effect of pressure and weld time of weld strength [7] Figure 5 : Effect of amplitude and pressure on weld strength [7] And for another experiments that used Response Surface methodoogy (RSM) by spot welding that used aluminium as a specimen [8]. They investigated effect between aluminium foam and the metal spot-welded colum. Based on their experiment. Numerical simulation and analytical models was developed to partition the energy absorption quantitatively into the foam filter component and the hat section component and the relative contribution of each component to the interactive effect. Figure 6 : schematic drawing of the spot welding-welded used in the experiment [8] Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a method to understanding the correlation between multiple input variables and output variable. Figure 7 : Comparison of the experiment and numerical result [8] Figure 8 : Response surface of sea for the foam filled spot welded column [8] Figure 9: Response surface of peak force for the foam filled spot welded column [8] Table 3 : Optimum foam filled square column [8] From the Response Face methodology (RSM) they get the optimum value of the t = thickness, a = thickness, density, pressure and SEA. 2.1 Electrothermal Process of Welding In resistance welding, the heat are required to create the coherence is generated by applying an electric current through the stack- up of sheets between the electrodes. So, the formation of a welded joint, including the nugget diameter and the heat- affected zone (HAZ), are definitely depends on the electrical and thermal properties of the sheets and coating materials. The general expression of heat generated in an electric circuit can be expressed as: Q= I ¿Ã‚ ½ Rt (modification of the Ohm ¿Ã‚ ½s Law) [3] where Q is heat (Joule), I is current (Ampere) , R is electrical resistance of the circuit (ohm,O) and t is time (second) which is allowed to flow in the circuit. For resistance welding, the heat generation at all location in a weldment is more relevant than, rather than the total heat generated, as heating is not and should not be uniform in the weldment. That means, consideration should more on the heat rate than the total heat, as it will determines the temperature history, and, in turn, the microstructure [3]. For example, considering an aluminum welding, melting may not be happen if the welding current applied is low, due to the low electrical resistivity of aluminum. In general, the electric and thermal process should be considered together in welding. 2.2 Spot Welds Parameter 2.2.1 The parameter 1. Electrode Force The electrode force is required to squeeze the metal sheets to be weld and joint together. This requires a large electrode force because the weld quality would not be good enough. However, the force must not be too large as it might cause other problems. When the electrode force is increased the heat energy will decrease. So, the higher electrode force needed a higher weld current. When weld current becomes too high, spatter will occur between electrodes and sheets. This will cause the electrodes to get stuck to the sheet. 2. Squeeze Time Squeeze Time is the time interval between the initial application of the electrode force on the work and the first application of current. Squeeze time is necessary to delay the weld current until the electrode force has attained the desired level [3]. 3. Weld or Heat Time Weld time is the time during which welding current is applied to the metal sheets. The weld time is measured and adjusted in cycles of line voltage as with all timing functions. As the weld time is, more or less, related to what is required for the weld spot, it is difficult to give an exact value of the optimum weld time. For instance:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Weld time should be as short as possible.  ¿Ã‚ ½ The weld parameters should be chosen to give as little wearing of the electrodes as possible. (short weld time.).  ¿Ã‚ ½ The weld time shall cause the nugget diameter to be big when welding thick sheets.  ¿Ã‚ ½ The weld time might have to be adjusted to fit the welding equipment in case it does not fulfil the requirements for the weld current and the electrode force. (A longer weld time might be needed.).  ¿Ã‚ ½ The weld time shall cause the indentation due to the electrode to be as small as possible. (a short weld time.).  ¿Ã‚ ½ The weld time shall be adjusted to welding with automatic tip-dressing, where the size of the electrode contact surface can be kept at a constant value. (a shorter welding time.) [3]. 4. Hold Time Hold time is the time, after the welding and occurred when the electrodes are still applied to the sheet to chill the weld (time that pressure is maintained after weld is made.). Hold time is necessary to allow the weld nugget to solidify before releasing the welded parts, but it must not be to long as this may cause the heat in the weld spot to spread to the electrode and heat it. The electrode will then get more exposed to wear. Further, if the hold time is too long and the carbon content of the material is high (more than 0.1%), there is a risk the weld will become brittle. [3] 5. Weld Current The weld current is used during welding is being made. The amount of weld current is controlled by two things; first, the setting of the transformer tap switch determines the maximum amount of weld current available; second the percentage of current control determines the percentage of the available current to be used for making the weld. Low percentage of current settings is not normally recommended because it might affect the quality of the weld. Proper welding current can be obtained with the percentage current set between seventy and ninety percent by adjust the tap switch. The weld current should be kept as low as possible. When determining the current to be used, the current is gradually increased until weld spatter occurs between the metal sheets. This indicates that the correct weld current has been reached. Weld current also influences the value of nugget diameter. Different value of current, it will produce different dimension of the nugget diameter [3]. Figure 10: Welding Cycle The welding processes in resistance spot welding have 5 cycle process as shown in the Figure 10. The first cycle is the squeeze time, where pressure from the electrode force is applied to the workpiece. The second cycle is weld time, this process where the current is on and the welding current is applied in the metal sheets to melt the sheet metal for the welding process. Then, postheat time, the current delay at the low level. The fourth cycle is cool time. This cycle allow the melt nugget diameter to solidify before the releasing the welded parts and lastly the off time cycle, the electrode force applied on the sheets metal is released the welding process is done. 2.3 Material properties 2.3.1 Introduction of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) DP600 is one of the Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) for the automotive industry that have enhanced ductility and formability [4]. DP600 usually used in the manufacture of passenger car and commercial vehicle wheels. It is to reduce weight and increasing service life and made of the typical properties of theese materials for maximum used. 2.3.2 Basic Properties 2.3.2.1 Mechanical Properties Table 4 : mechanical properties for DP600 [4] 2.3.2.2 Chemical Composition Table 5 : Chemical Compostion for DP600 [4] 2.3.2.3 Dimension Table 6 : Dimension for DP600 [4] 2.3.3 Advantages of High Strength Steel (DP600) High strength steel (DP600) are prodominantly used in automotive industries because of many advantages such as below [4] : I. Low ratio of yield strength to tensile stength . II. Work-hardening capacity is high. III. Good energy absorption characteristic to provide crash performance in structural. IV. Product stronger and safer under load. V. Good bake hardening responce that forming the yield strength in the formed areas is significantly increased. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Methodology of The Project Methodology actually is a systematic study of method and set of procedur. In this study, there are consist of several phase. Figue 3 below shown a methodology for this project. 3.1 Detail of methodology 3.1.1 Information Gathering In information gathering all related information about spot welding, and material used was collected to provide futher understanding. All the related information is obtain from the internet, journal, library and the other resources. It is important o nderstand the theory and previous step. 3.1.2 Design of experiment Design of Experiment is an advance to improve design performance which to reduce cycle time to developed processes [5]. Design of experiment is a series of test to change the input variable (parameter) to study and identififying the output change in the output response. Then analyze the result of process to find the optimum value or parameters that effect to the process. Figure 11 Figue 4 shown an example model of process that shown a number of uncontrolled factor that are discrete, such as difference machine or operators and such as ambient temperature or humidity. 3.1.2.1 Screening Design and Full Factorial Design Screening design is to identify which factor and effect that are important. When have 2-4 factors and can perform a full factorial. Full factorial design in two level. Full factorial design ia a common experimental design with all input factors set at two levels each. These levels is called  ¿Ã‚ ½high ¿Ã‚ ½ and  ¿Ã‚ ½low ¿Ã‚ ½ or +1 and -1. A combination of all the input factors is called full factorial design in two level [6]. If there are k factors at 2 levels, full factorial design has 2? runs. Table 7 : Number of run 2? Full Factorial Number of Factors Number of Runs 2 4 3 8 4 16 5 32 6 64 7 128 Objective of factorial design as below : 1. To identify factors with significant effects on the response . 2. To identify interations among factors . 3. To identify which factors have the most importance effects on the response . 4. To decide whether further investigation of a factor ¿Ã‚ ½s effect is justified . 5. To investigate the functional dependence of a response on multiple factors simultaneously (if and only if you test many levels of each factor) . 3.1.2.2 Response Surface Methodology Response surface Methodology (RSM) investigates relationships between explanatory variables and response variables. Objective of RSM is to use a sequence of designed experiments to obtain an optimal response. Below is example of RSM : Figure 12 : Response surface  ¿Ã‚ ½Peak ¿Ã‚ ½ Figure 13 : Response surface  ¿Ã‚ ½Hillside ¿Ã‚ ½ Figure 14 : Response surface  ¿Ã‚ ½Rising ridge ¿Ã‚ ½ Figure 15 : Response surface  ¿Ã‚ ½saddle ¿Ã‚ ½ 3.1.2.3 Mathematical Method The mathematical model correlating process parameters and their interations with response parameter will be developed according to the experimental result. These model will be used to predict the size of weld zone which can improve the welding quality and performance in Resistance Spot Welding. The most common models fit to the experimental data take either a linear equation. A linear model with two factors X1 and X2 such as below : Y =  ¿Ã‚ ½0 +  ¿Ã‚ ½1X1 +  ¿Ã‚ ½2X2 +  ¿Ã‚ ½12X1X2 + experimental error Y is the response for given levels of the main effect X1 and X2 and X1X2 is ncluded for possible interation effect between X1 and x2. Constant  ¿Ã‚ ½0 is the response of Y when both main effect are 0 [6]. The advance of using DOE is that can provides an approach organized which it possible to address both simple and tricky experimental problem. The experiment is to select appropriate objective, and then guide and perform a set of experiment. That can conclude DOE can obtain more useful and more precise information about the studies system. The joint influence of all factors is assessed [5] 3.1.3 Experiment process The experiment is focused to get the radius of molten zone or weld nugget and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). The diameter of weld nugget and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) is measured by capture the image of the speciment by the microscope. All the parameter such as welding time, the diameter of tips, weld current , and force will be varied in the experiment. All the result with different parameter will be record to investigate nugget development focused on weld nugget and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). The procedure for this experiment to prepare the sample of specimen are : a) Cutting. b) Molding. c) Grinding. d) Polishing. e) Etching. f) Invetigate weld nugget and HAZ size using microscope. 3.1.4 Conclusion After get the optimum result and the hardness and strength have be confirmation by tensile test, hardness test and bending test, the conclusion from this project is verify and the project is 100% complete. 3.1.5 Thesis writing After get the conclusion, to complete this project thesis writing is needed to complete the project. All the process and data from this project from the start util the end is to be record and compile as a book. REFERENCES 1. US Patent 4456810, Adaptive Schedule Selective Weld Control, June 1984. The weld process is stopped before the melt exceeds the electrode diameter. Otherwise, an impressive but totally undesired shower of sparks and hot metal will issue from the weld spot. 2. 1995-2012 CMW inc. 3. Effect of welding nugget diameter on the tensile strength of the resistance spot welding joints of same sheets metal walther jenis Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University Malaysia Pahang may 2009. 4. www.corusgroup.com. 5. A. Fauzi. Effect of cutting parameters on the hole diameter and surface roughness for dry drilling of aluminum Alloy 6061 2009. 6. Engineering Statistic Handbook 2009. 7. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies 2009. 8. Optimization of foam filled spot-welded column for the crashworthiness 2010.